Happy New Year!!! As promised, I would get this writing finished before I begin teaching again.  It has been a wonderful time for me as I have been writing, volunteering, reading, and just thinking.  I've set my gardening projects up for the spring, and I can't wait to add more plants.  What will it all look like when finished?  The past week I made the purchase of 10 whiskey barrels that will contain the cactus garden for the property.  I have the cacti ready to plant which include agaves, prickly pear(the purple variety:), totem poles, and the list goes on and on. There is so much more to work on in the gardens in 2011.  However, I won't be posting as much in the following weeks with school starting up again. 

A typical Amazon morning in the forest....the mist reveals the various heights of trees.

Here is my own work below from the Amazon in 2008

Today's write is about the canopy we create above our heads in the garden/s. For many people, myself included, when we moved into our home, there were trees established on our property. Or for some, there was nothing.  I have a lot of space to work with here on the grounds and each space is considered its' own garden.  One of the spaces is named the fern garden because all the plants have fernlike leaves and when the sun hits the leaves, it filters to the ground nicely. Very few ferns can grow in our desert  and unfortuneatly, it's one of the plants that I don't try and grow anymore. I have luck with the asparagus fern and that does really well in Tucson(so some varieties are out there for the fern fan club just not the ones many people like:)  You need moisture in the air and that is something we don't have an abundance of.....so you have to think about things you like about the fern and find plants that have similiar qualities.  You can then  recreate that look about ferns in your own garden space. 

Let's get back to the canopy. A garden is not what we only create below us on the ground but one that we can also create in the sky above.  It's probably the trickiest art form of them all.  The inspiration that I have used in my own work is from the forests both here and abroad.  A homeowner must always use caution when planting trees closer together and near homes for a variety of reasons such as the roots damaging pipes, the foundation and/or the structure itself.  Again, precautions must be taken to prevent trees limbs from falling off and smashing onto the roof or side of the house.  I speak from experience on this latter issue.  Mesquites are fantastic trees but they can also be dangerous during a wind storm.  Branches, sometimes large ones, like to fall off and smash everything in its' path.  The key to this is pruning....not liontailing as I have written about before, but the sometimes necessary removal of a tree limb to prevent harm or damage to structures and/or people.  These are the technical aspects of creating the canopy....now let's look into the art of the canopy.

Once the homeowner has established what's acceptable to place in the space, s/he can begin to design the air space above.  My particular fern garden will allow for light and wind to filter through like a southern garden that has willows.  Standing in the rain forest, looking above, you see birds and monkeys and a million other things living amongst the tree tops.  While this is the desert, it doesn't mean that life doesn't exist....quite the opposite!  We have so many birds here(see my previous post on Christmas in the Canyon).  I had to look at tree shapes and at their maximum mature heights to see how they would all interlock together.  Some trees are tall and narrow while others are rounder and shorter. Then you sketch on a sheet of paper the projected image of how the sky garden will look.  Don't be discouraged if the growth doesn't happen overnight. And you may have setbacks!  Remember my Chinese elm that croaked due to Texas Root Rot?  I researched and found a resistant Texas Ebony to replace the tree.  While slower growing, it will eventually connect with the other trees.  Some trees will shoot high into the sky and be narrow while others will create the "lower-to-the-ground" look and the mid level trees will fill out the center layer of sky space.  When put together, it will be the equivalent of a desert-like amazon rain forest....except all xeric:)  For this particular garden, I used a mesquite, the desert fern tree(lysiloma), the chitalpa, the jacaranda, the eucalyptus tree, the Texas ebony, and finally the Arizona Ash.  That's a lot of tree so figure out who your shorter trees are, then your middle layer trees and finish with your emergents or taller trees.  And like a puzzle, they will all connect in time:)

In the desert, naturally, things are spread out because that's how it works here......however, there are also oasis islands where a person will find these drawings a reality.  Again, observe other places and plan plan plan.  Another garden that I am working on is the tropical fruit garden which is opposite the fern garden.  It will have a different feel but one that will utilize the same ideas with fruit trees that do well here in Tucson like the fig, guava, loquat, etc. This blog is a record of all the things that inspire and create El Presidio Gardens.  A person can't say that just one thing creates a garden because there is so much history, art, observation, technical information......and just knowledge that goes into planning something special like this space.  These pics were pulled from the internet to demonstrate what I am writing about......but you can see in the video from yesterday,  the idea that I am working on from the post called "A Cold End".  Most of the trees have lost their leaves for the winter but you'll definitely see the eucalyptus. I look forward to the new year with the new projects...stay tuned for more in January. There's always something going wherever you may be.  If you're in the North, you're planning and looking through gardening books and if you're in the warmer areas, your protecting plants from frost and beginning your projects before the intense heat.  Wherever you may be....Happy Gardening in 2011!!

Labels: arizona ash tree, canopy, chinese elm, chitalpa, desert fern, emergent trees, eucalyptus, Jacaranda, lysiloma, mesquite tree, Texas ebony

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This is the post I have been putting off for a couple months and not because it's not interesting but because there is a lot of information to present. Ethnobotany is the study of people's use of plants for things like food, medicine, and shelter. This was a really wonderful presentation at the gardens, but I think I had heard most of it from my experiences elsewhere.  However, for many who do not know the desert, you may not know some of the info that I will share today.  I'll showcase some of the defining Sonoran plants and give their uses.  Some of this is also from my personal experiences while traveling around Mexico and the Southwestern desert.



One of the most important trees in our Sonoran desert is the mesquite tree.  It is a native to this desert and can be seen in and around Tucson.  Mesquite is an interesting tree in that it can provide shade in our hot desert. But did you know that the bean pods(below) can be used to make a flour? Here in Tucson, there are several places, for a minimal cost, that will ground your bean pods up to make your flour so that you can make pancakes, etc.  You may also see your dogs chewing these up.  Don't stress as they won't do anything to your puppy.  They have a sweet flavor and make an excellent food product.  Be aware that the Argentine or Chilean varieties are not as sweet and are not as good as our native Mesquite here.  The other use of mesquite?  You know the answer.  It's the wood.  When used in  grilling meats, etc, it can add that special flavor many people enjoy. For medicinal purposes, the mesquite was used by the native americans for eye drops.  They infused water with the leaves to create this eye product.  Finally mesquite is also used as a building material. If you are interested in any of this information beyond what I'm writing here today, a great place for detailed things like where to mill your mesquite pods or find certain items, is the Native Seeds/SEARCH organization. For more information contact the Native Seeds/SEARCH here in Tucson.

http://www.nativeseeds.org/



Mesquite pods that are ground up can be used as a sweet flour...

The prickly pear.  There are several fascinating uses from this plant.  It produces a fruit that is sweet.  You can make jellies and syrups from it. Also depending on the variety of prickly pear, the pad segments are delicious over the grill, pickled, or chopped up into small pieces.  We eat these in Mexico and they are called "nopalitos" and they are absolutely delicious.  You ask, "What about the cactus spines?"  They are removed from the plant before you eat them.  If you have never tried it, you should....amazing flavor! Finally, depending on which variety of prickly pear cactus(opuntia) you have,  the stem of the cactus can be used to treat type 2 diabetes or diarreah.  This is being advertised on TV as the miracle cure right now.  I don't believe anything is a miracle cure, but this plant does have some medicinal properties....if you are interested, check it out online.

The prickly pear...the red fruit on top is edible, but if you don't get to it, your javelina or birds will:)

One last item with the prickly pear.  You may notice a white fuzzy goo mass all over the pads.  Do not worry as this will not kill your plant.  You can wipe them off if it bothers  you, but believe it or not, this is also another product that is used as a dye for foods and fabric all over the world.  The white fuzz is from the cochineal bug.  This insect was used by the native americans,for trade, hundreds of years ago. The red dye that comes from this insect was/is used for food coloring, cosmetic dye, paint pigment, and clothing dye. In food products at home, this dye may be titled E120.  It's cleverly retitled to hide the bug reference....however as of January 5th, 2011, the bug title "cochineal" will replace the E120 coding:)

The Cochineal Bug on the Prickly Pear Cactus

The next plant featured is our agave!  Wonderful, beautiful and daggerlike agaves make fantastic plants in our landscape.  But did you know they make a wonderful drink known as tequila? You need to ferment the stuff first.  In the village of Tequila, Mexico, you will see blue agaves as far as the eye can see and it's quite the work.  I was there in '93 tasting all the fine varieties of tequila and I have to say that it was really fun.  The village of Tequila is an hour or two outside of Guadalajara and worth the visit. Did you know that you can make your own tequila but can't call it that?  "Tequila" is a copyright property....so while you will have made "tequila" from your agave, you can't call it that.....so come up with something creative:) Mezcal is the official term used for the drink.  The plant is also used for its' fibers which make a great rope.  It also can be eaten!!  There is this thing going on here in Tucson now called the "Agave Roasts".  They are themed parties and apparently you can grill agaves to be eaten.  Again this information can be found online.  I have heard mixed things from people about the flavor.  Some LOVE the taste while others could do without it:)  I've never tried, but I would be willing to do so. One last product that comes from this plant is the agave worm. I have tried this guy as it was served in a taco to me with guacamole.  Um, I imagined eating a french fry even though it wasn't.  The worm is also the one you will see in the bottle.  It absorbs the mezcal and makes it a potent finish to end the bottle.  One last thing about this amazing plant, for those of you who are sufferers of diabetes, the syrup from this plant is sweet and okay for you to use in your cooking.  It is a replacement for sugar here in Tucson.



The Agave worm or "gusano" that is used in Mexican cuisine as an appetizer.

 The next plant is the date palm.  Again this plant through fermentation makes a fanstastic food product that many people love.  You must process the dates like everything else, but added into your recipes or just straight out of the container, dates make a delicious addition to your table.

2 more plants to go.  As I'm writing these out, I am remembering how much I enjoyed the discussions of these plant groups.  The saguaro is a a native to the Sonoran desert and in fact, is the one plant that makes up the look of the Sonoran landscape.  It is also used/was used by native americans.  Today you can find native americans still picking these sweet and delicious fruits off the cactus.  They also have workshops to show people how to do it.  The saguaro WAS used in building material but now it is protected and cannot be used at all.

Note the long stick used to knock the fruit down



Once they are knocked down, the sticky fruit is cleaned out to make the jelly

Finally, I saved the best for last.  The creosote bush is the mother of all plants when it comes to helping out people in the desert. It is one of the indicator plants of the Sonoran desert.  The creosote is the oldest living plant in the world and has many medicinal uses.  It is used as an antioxidant, treatment for blood poisoning, skin disorders, nerve calming, anti-fungal agent, and can be used as a salve for cuts and lesions.  I know several people who have used this plant and it does indeed work.  Perhaps this will be the next "$19.99" gimick on TV.

Creosote

The Sonoran Desert taken by yours truly

While there are more plants out there that are used today by people, these are the top ones that have contributed to our history here in the desert southwest and currently are making headlines around the world.  I hope you found this posting interesting. This post serves as an educational look into our desert culture. Some of the pics for this particular blog are not my own except for the mesquite pods, creosote, date palm, the Sonoran desert, and the title pic.  Happy adventures!

Labels: agave worm, agaves, cochineal bug, creosote, date palm, ethnobotany, gusano, mesquite tree, mezcal, native seeds, opuntia, prickly pear, SEARCH, tequila

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The other day I was walking down a path lined with these beautiful trees. One of the things that goes through my mind when I see this plant is whether or not one should love them or hate them here in Tucson.  Let me list the pros and cons and you decide....

Pros...

1. Self fertilizing

2.  Nice shade tree for the desert

3. Unique branch structure

4.  Little to zero watering as it grows naturally in our landscape

5. Sonoran wildlife love this plant

6. Is a fast grower in the desert

7.  Will tolerate intense sun

Cons...

1.  Root structure spreads on top of the soil

2.  If not pruned properly, this tree can blow over...

3.  Branches break off easily during storms(cars and homes damaged each time)

4.  Mesquite pods are the messiest unless you like making pancakes with them

5. Some have thorns

6. Can be invasive rootwise...never put near a pool or a foundation

So what's your verdict?

Labels: mesquite tree

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